Vaccinia tricks Toll

Old dogs: new tricks, old tricks, or no tricks.

tively referred to as “old dogs.” In some instances, the designation may be a term of endearment: in others, a term of derision. Virtually every chairperson must face the dilemma of dealing with these senior staff members. His or her decision will be based primarily on how productive the senior radiologist is. I have had the unique opportunity to practice radiology over the past 27 years in bot...

Pain Tricks

Toll-like receptor 8-mediated activation of murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by vaccinia viral DNA.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a critical role in antiviral immunity through their ability to produce large amounts of type I IFNs. Activation of pDCs upon viral infection has been shown to be dependent on MyD88 and mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9, which sense viral ssRNA and CpG DNA, respectively. In this study, we showed that murine pDC recognition of vaccinia virus (V...

Protective Effect of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Pulmonary Vaccinia Infection

Innate immune responses are essential for controlling poxvirus infection. The threat of a bioterrorist attack using Variola major, the smallpox virus, or zoonotic transmission of other poxviruses has renewed interest in understanding interactions between these viruses and their hosts. We recently determined that TLR3 regulates a detrimental innate immune response that enhances replication, morb...

Vaccinia virus protein A46R targets multiple Toll-like–interleukin-1 receptor adaptors and contributes to virulence

Viral immune evasion strategies target key aspects of the host antiviral response. Recently, it has been recognized that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a role in innate defense against viruses. Here, we define the function of the vaccinia virus (VV) protein A46R and show it inhibits intracellular signalling by a range of TLRs. TLR signalling is triggered by homotypic interactions between the T...